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$
MARCH 6, 2026 | VOLUME 17 | ISSUE 6
YOUR PURCHASE BENEFITS THE VENDORS.
PLEASE BUY ONLY FROM BADGED VENDORS.
Rev. Jesse Jackson, iconic civil rights
activist, founder of the Rainbow/PUSH
Coalition, has passed on. page 10
MEET YOUR
VENDOR:
TODD
JOHNSON
PAGE 3
15 YEARS OF NEWS AND SOLUTIONS FROM THE GROUND UP | WASHTENAW COUNTY, MICH.
St. Nicholas Greek
Orthodox Church
rolls out the
red carpet for
the rotating
shelter.
page 6
St. Nicholas Church volunteers
hosted and staffed the men's winter
shelter. Rotating host sites provide
shelter, food, warmth and other indoor
activities for the men for one week.
THIS PAPER WAS BOUGHT FROM
• Proposal: Housing-development
accelerator
• Charbonneau: Open your eyes to
housing inequity. PAGE 4
@groundcovernews, include vendor name and vendor #
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GROUNDCOVER NEWS
GROUNDCOVER15
MARCH 6, 2026
PROVIDING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR SELFDETERMINED
INDIVIDUALS IMPACTED BY POVERTY,
PRODUCING A STREET NEWSPAPER THAT GIVES A
PLATFORM TO UNDERREPRESENTED VOICES IN WASHTENAW COUNTY,
PROMOTING AN ACTION TO BUILD A JUST, CARING AND INCLUSIVE
SOCIETY.
Groundcover News, a 501(c)(3)
organization, was founded in April
2010 as a means to empower lowincome
persons to make the
transitions from homeless to
housed, and from jobless to
employed.
Vendors purchase each copy of our
regular editions of Groundcover
News at our office for 50 cents. This
money goes towards production
costs. Vendors work selling the
paper on the street for $2, keeping
all income and tips from each sale.
Vendors are the main contributors
to the paper, and are compensated
to write and report.
Street papers like Groundcover
News exist in cities all over the
United States, as well as in more
than 40 other countries, in an effort
to raise awareness of the plight of
homeless people and combat the
increase in poverty. Our paper is a
proud member of the International
Network of Street Papers.
STAFF
Lindsay Calka — publisher
Cynthia Price — editor
ISSUE CONTRIBUTORS
Andrew
Elizabeth Bauman
Teresa Basham
Susan Beckett
Monique Caldwell
Earth Day Planning Committee
Kimani Hamilton
Mike Jones
Kevin Kinchen
Elizabeth "Lit" Kurtz
David Mitchell
Will Shakespeare
Denise Shearer
Felicia Wilbert
Joe Woods
PROOFREADERS
Susan Beckett
June Miller
Anabel Sicko
VOLUNTEERS
Jessi Averill
Sim Bose
Jud Branam
Libby Chambers
Luiza Duarte Caetano
Jacob Fallman
Ben Foster
Glenn Gates
Robert Klingler
Priya Kothari
Aklesia Maereg
Harper Margolies
Margaret Patston
Mary Wisgerhof
Max Wisgerhof
Emilie Ziebarth
BOARD of DIRECTORS
Anna Gersh
Greg Hoffman
Jessi Averill
Jacob Fallman
Jack Edelstein
Glenn Gates
Mike Jones
Hailu Shitaye
Shelley DeNeve
Steve Borgsdorf
CONTACT US
Story and photo submissions:
submissions@groundcovernews.com
Advertising and partnerships:
contact@groundcovernews.com
Office: 423 S. 4th Ave., Ann Arbor
Mon-Sat, 11 a.m. - 3 p.m.
Phone: 734-263-2098
@groundcover
@groundcovernews
DONATE,
LISTEN TO OLD ISSUES
+ LEARN MORE
www.groundcovernews.org
WAYS TO SUPPORT
1. Buy the paper, read the paper.
2. Get the word out — We rely on
grassroots marketing. Talk to
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share us with your network.
3. Volunteer — You'll learn a lot
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4. Advertise your company,
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see rates below.
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and share your favorite articles
and vendor interactions.
6. Donate items — A seasonally
appropriate list of items most
needed at our office and on the
street is available on our website.
Drop off anytime we're open.
׉	 7cassandra://xPgTIspNBCz9fveGojJEGUUaosH57f9dJpZpaqXfLtMS` iĒ*}x׉EMARCH 6, 2026
ON MY CORNER
MEET YOUR VENDOR
In 2023 I suffered a severe
injury to my spine. The injury
was so severe that I was
Todd Johnson,
vendor No. 689
In one sentence, who are you?
I’m someone who loves people.
Where do you usually sell Groundcover
News? 4th Ave and Liberty St. — the
Dunkin' corner.
What is your favorite thing to do in Ann
Arbor? Watch how everyone is living their
lives!
What words do you live by?
Honesty and respect.
What’s something about you that
someone on the street wouldn’t know?
I’m a great cook.
What motivates you to work hard selling
Groundcover News?
I know it helps with homeless issues.
What’s the best way to start the day?
Praying and thanking God for all he’s done.
What is a small thing that makes your
day better? Someone smiling even when
they are going through something.
prepped for emergency back
surgery at the University of
Michigan Medical Center.
While waiting in the emergency
room, I was moved
with fear, my only thoughts
being how I would live the
rest of my life in a wheelchair
or lying in a bed in a vegetative
state. When my surgeon
and nurse walked out of my
room, an inner voice said, “Get
up, and get out of the hospital.”
Without hesitation I stepped up
behind my wheelchair and
made my way past security to
the parking lot where I pulled
myself up into my truck and
drove away. This was a turning
point in my life. That still, small
voice guided me to the Robert J.
Delonis Center, the only place I
could turn to after being physically
unable to work and with
no place to stay.
I was given a cane to support
myself as I learned to walk again
step-by-step, with great pain. I
was awarded a scholarship to
the Ann Arbor YMCA where I
participated in swimming twice
a day. I felt much less pain while
swimming and, after several
GROUNDCOVER NEWS
Thank you for walking with me
at Delonis for their unconditional
love, acceptance
and support. I want to
thank the staff at the YMCA
for their patience and for
giving me the freedom to
heal without judgment. I
want
to thank the Ann
DAVID MITCHELL
Groundcover vendor No. 661
Arbor Police and Fire
Departments for literally
picking me up off the street
when I could no longer
move or had fallen down in
pain. And finally I want to
months, I developed a healthy
routine with 45 minutes in the
morning, and 45 minutes in the
afternoon. The rigorous exercise
strengthened the muscles
around my spine, and now I am
able to walk without a cane, and
even ride a bicycle.
Though I still experience a
little pain, I am eternally grateful
for the great fear and that
voice that moved me to avoid
back surgery and walk by faith.
The three-year period of
ongoing recovery was not easy
and continues to this very day.
Along my road to recovery, I
have a long list of organizations
and individuals to thank as
many of them literally carried
me when I could not walk for
myself. I want to thank the staff
WORD SEARCH
by Emeri Jade Bey
I love St. Patrick's Day!
Patrick’s Day is a friendly holiday, too. I like
Irish music; it is relaxing and fun. I like mint
ice cream all year round, but St. Patrick’s Day
is more of a reason to have it.
Corned beef hash is one of my favorite
DENISE SHEARER
Groundcover vendor No. 485
St. Patrick’s Day is a very special holiday to
me. It is special for a lot of different reasons.
It is special because it is a Christian holiday
and it is special because it is a beautiful and
fun holiday. It is beautiful because green is
one of my favorite colors. I love corned beef
and mint ice cream. It is festive and fun. St.
breakfast foods. I have a recipe, too. My
famous corned beef stew. I like to put corned
beef and carrots and mushrooms mixed with
cream of mushroom soup and add a little
garlic powder and seasoning salt and the stew
is made! That’s one of my famous St. Patrick’s
Day meals. Another recipe is my favorite
sandwich — a corned beef sandwich on wheat
bread. On both slices of bread, put Thousand
Island dressing, plenty of corned beef, tomato
and spinach. Cut it in half and enjoy!
St. Patrick's Day is a good day to relax, wear
and enjoy the color green, and celebrate the
color green and praise Jesus. It is one of the
most fun holidays of the winter!
thank the men and women of
Huron Valley Ambulance for
getting me up, stabilizing and
transporting me to the safety of
a hospital.
Now I live in Ypsilanti and
have the privilege of giving
honor to those who have helped
me get back on my feet. In the
weeks to come, I will give our
readers a closer look into the
history and inner workings of
our first responders here in
Washtenaw County. You will
read about the brave individuals
who have made a commitment
to caring for those among
us who can not take care of ourselves.
Look for these in upcoming
issues of Groundcover
News.
3
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GROUNDCOVER NEWS
COMMUNITY EVENTS
community EVENTS
RIVERSIDE SWINGS
Friday, March 6, 9-11 p.m. Riverside
arts center. 76 N. Huron St., Ypsi.
Swing dancing every Friday to
recorded music. No partner or experience
required. Wear comfortable
low-grip/tread shoes. Preceded at 7
and 8 p.m. by hour-long lessons. Followed
by a “late-night blues-&-fusion”
dance. The 1st Friday of each
month is free, and the 3rd Friday
includes a Charleston lesson.
INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S
DAY BENEFIT SHOW
Saturday, March 7, 5-8 p.m., LIVE
nightclub 102 S. First Ave. Ann
Arbor. Performances by Maddy
Ringo, SK Rodriguez, Me Again
Medicine Show, Juniper, Kira Blue
and Michele Smolarski. Benefit
show for Women's International
League for Peace and Freedom.
ANNUAL ADULTS SKATE
TOO EXHIBITION
Sunday, March 8, 12:45 -1:35 p.m.,
Ann Arbor Ice Club, 2121 Oak
Valley. Local adult skaters of all
levels show off their skills in freestyle,
dance and showcase skating.
Presented by the Ann Arbor Figure
Skating Club.
WONDER WALKS
Matthaei Botanical Gardens lobby,
1800 N Dixboro Rd. Ann Arbor.
Sunday, March 8, 1 p.m., "Signs
for Spring." Walk to look for signs
of thaw and birds returning.
Wednesday March 18, 5 p.m.
"Beaver Tales and Co-existence."
Learn about how beavers
have shaped local history and see
changes in Matthaei since a family
of beavers took up residence in 2023.
OSCARS PREVIEW
Wednesday, March 11, 6-7:30 p.m.,
AADL downtown, lower level program
room. Attention all film fans!
Join movie buffs Nick Alderink
(Cinema Program Director at the
Michigan Theater), Tara Calligan
(Marketing Director at the Michigan
Theater), Erica Gleichman (Head
Projectionist at the Michigan Theater)
and Martin Bandyke (host of
Fine Tuning on Ann Arbor’s 107one)
as they discuss who will win and
who should win Oscars at the 98th
Academy Awards. This Oscars preview
event will include lots of movie
clips and audience participation.
SAFFRON KINGDOM
SCREENING
Thursday, March 12, 6-9 p.m., Rackham
Auditorium 915 E Washington
St., Ann Arbor. Screening of Saffron
Kingdom, an exploration of the
impacts of the Kashmir conflict, told
through the journey of a family from
Srinagar to Atlanta, highlighting
themes of trauma, identity and resilience.
Followed by Q+A with director
Arfat Sheikh. Presented by
United Asian American Organizations
and Daffodil Productions.
2026 ENTREPRENEURSHIP
SUMMIT
Friday, March 13, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.,
Washtenaw Community College
Morris Lawrence Building, 4800 E.
Huron River Dr., Ann Arbor
This summit is designed to connect
entrepreneurs and small business
owners at any stage with the
resources to help them grow their
business successfully. This year’s
event will include a government
panel, a resource fair, presentations,
multiple breakout growth lab offerings,
and time dedicated to
networking. If you plan to attend,
please register here: bit.ly/4qjCMVp
GROUNDCOVER WRITING
WORKSHOP: STORY
CONSTRUCTION
Friday, March 13, 10 a.m., Groundcover
News office. Sam Killian will
be leading a workshop on presenting
news stories: leads, hooks, closings
and titles. Attend alongside Groundcover
vendors and writers.
BIKE SUMMIT 2026
Sunday, March 15, 11:30 a.m. - 4
p.m., WCC Student Center, 4800 E.
Huron River Dr. All invited to join
area bicycle advocates and enthusiasts
for speeches and breakout sessions
on topics related to improving
individual skills and local cycling.
Food and drink will be available for
purchase.
POTENTIAL ART SHOW: THE
NEUTRAL ZONE
Monday, March 16, 4-6 p.m., The
Neutral Zone, 310 E. Washington St.
Ann Arbor. Juried exhibition of art
by high school students from across
the country. Winning artists will
receive cash prizes, scholarships, art
supplies and a chance to exhibit at
art galleries.
EMU GEN AI SUMMIT
Monday, March 16, 8 a.m. to 4:30
p.m., EMU Student Center, 900 Oakwood
Street, Ypsilanti. EMU is convening
a regional "Gen AI Summit:
Learning Together at the Forefront of
Change" to bring together community
members, educators, professionals,
students and more for
meaningful dialogue about how generative
AI is reshaping our lives,
work and learning.
30TH ANNUAL EXHIBITION
OF ART BY MICHIGAN
PRISONERS
Tuesday, March 17, 6 p.m., U-M
North Campus, Duderstadt Gallery,
2281 Bonisteel Blvd. The opening
reception for this annual exhibit and
sale of hundreds of art works by
incarcerated residents of 26 state
correctional facilities, features talks
by U-M PCAP faculty. Artist talks
and workshops throughout the week
— for complete schedule see lsa.
umich.edu/pcap
AAFF 2026 SCREENING: FIND
ONE WHO WAS NOT BORN OF
WOMAN THAT ONE IS YOUR
FATHER
Wednesday, March 25, 9 p.m., Michigan
Theater. Ann Arbor Film Festival
Feature in Competition. Groundcover
is community partner org.
MARCH 6, 2026
׉	 7cassandra://LIXoSw5e8kDvA-Z7GkUdCVPTMjhGgRJwQoDXctEv3sIQ` iĒ*}~׉EOMARCH 6, 2026
COMMUNITY EVENTS
Chinese New Year 2026 celebration at
Briarwood Mall: Year of the Horse
I happened to go to the Briarwood
Mall on Sunday, Feb. 15, around 10
a.m. just for fun. I love looking at all the
fun love decorations for Valentine’s
Day, the season of love.
What I saw with my own eyes was a
truly happy event. The Briarwood Mall
was putting on a Chinese New Year
celebration. This event blew me out of
the water. It was so much fun. This
clearly was organized by different local
Asian organizations including AnnHua
Chinese Association. This was a
really amazing experience for me and
brought back many old memories
from growing up in Seattle, Washington
— “the Emerald City” and “the
Gateway to the Orient.”
It was fun to see the mall decorations.
The very first event was a mall
dance dragon and lion parade with a
drill team of drummers. Many people
joined in and walked the length of the
mall with the golden and red dragon.
The atmosphere was of excitement
and drumming in the new year. The
first image was the very large golden
dragon followed by a smaller red
dragon clearly carried by kids of all
ages. The drumming ladies followed
with synchronicity and drill
drummings.
The dragons returned and everyone
CINDY GERE
Groundcover vendor No. 279
gathered around the open area for the
dancers in front of JC Penney with a
lady in red who was the announcer for
each event and dance. The tiny tots
started the event with red streamers
and jumping twirls, swaying to the
right and left. Then the next age: sixyear-olds,
with their streamers and
fans. The different groups represented
different ethnic regions of China and
Mongolia, including three different
age groups of dance Tai Chi. There was
even a traditional Chinese opera
ensemble in very elaborate golden
costumes.
The dancing went on into the afternoon
with golden-agers showing the
fun dance of a marriage, pretending to
be a young man and woman together
with a sprinkle of happy candy pitched
Youth performers.
into the crowd for the kids who were
watching the event on the
sidelines.
At the end, people truly felt they
had experienced Chinese New Year.
And with that, like so many others, I
found my way to the Panda Express
Chinese food restaurant and ordered
chicken barbecue and an egg roll
with a yummy drink.
This is the year of the horse. May
all the luck of a running horse come
to bring much wealth to you and
peace to all the world.
GROUNDCOVER NEWS
5
GET TO
KNOW YDL!
WHERE TO FIND US:
Online at ypsilibrary.org
Call us at 734-482-4110.
TO GET YOUR LIBRARY CARD:
1) Fill out the easy online form at
ypsilibrary.org/library-cards.
2) Call 734-482-4110
3) Or stop by any YDL location!
DON’T HAVE A DRIVER’S
LICENSE? We can work with
a variety of IDs to get you your
card.
Repair Clinic
Thursday | Mar 26 |
10-11:30am | YDL-Michigan
In March, get help mending
or sewing. Let us know if you
have skills to lend, or things
you’d like to see offered at a
future repair clinic!
FEATURED EVENT
A2 Earth Day events will focus on the
elements
EARTH DAY PLANNING
COMMITTEE
The mental field upon which and
within which we play and work and
sweat, dance and dream is limitless!
Upon this planet known as Gaia, commonly
called Earth, we think — and feel
— at times, “We got this.”
“She’s got us,” though, is closer to the
truth. Hopefully we do "Got this…" — at
least enough of us to formulate the critical
mass of Collective Consciousness
necessary to keep the scales of justice
tilted in the direction of the greater
good.
Mental clarity to the greatest degree
we can achieve lends to our collective
clarity in dealings with each other at
various levels, and will lend toward
our societal ability to stabilize and
improve our relations with all — and
with Gaia. Gaia has a mind of her own,
of which we are a part. We need her,
she ultimately does not need us;
fortunately the current conditions at
least seem to be giving us the chance
to think things through. We (once
again?) begin to integrate our thinking,
feeling and physical being to summon
our emotional fortitude to find our
place in the universe, in the ethers
therein.
As we humble ourselves in knowing
we know-not all the answers, we can
be comforted in knowing all-of-the
answers are there. These answers are
available to us through observation;
processing what we observe is possible
with mental clarity; mental clarity is
available with clearing; clearing is possible
through meditation and silence.
Not like the silence in “Silent Spring,”
as so eloquently expressed by Rachel
Carson in her book of that title. Eventually
these writings of hers and others
led to establishing Earth Day, which
we will celebrate in Ann Arbor again
— for an entire week this year, April
19-25. This will be in conjunction with
a number of activities and events
correlating with common concerns
we share: Bicycle Day, Hemp Day,
Arbor Day and an Earth Day event at
the Leslie Science and Nature Center.
Water: the element seemingly
most closely related to the mental
aspect of our being. Without clear
circulation of clean water, our capacity
to think clearly is compromised
— as, I do believe, is the case with
Gaia. This all delves into another
dimension of the concept of thinking,
which is a process of interrelated
functions. Our thinking — and mental
clarity — ought to lead us back to compassion,
with the water circulating
through our veins and her rivers to the
heart, to the east and south. The east
represents the spiritual aspect of our
being, the south the physical, in this
framework of distinction addressing
these common concerns that we all
share. And once we stabilize (as best
we can) these aspects, we then are
Phil Hale Quartet—
presented by the Jazz
Foundation of America
Saturday | Mar 28 | 2-3pm
YDL-Superior
YDL welcomes the Phil Hale
Jazz Quartet, featuring Phil
Hale on keys, John Douglas on
trumpet, John Barron on bass,
and Djallo Djakate on drums.
Their focus is on playing
modern takes on standard jazz
with a strong swing twist.
prepared to look into the unknown,
represented by the west, and leave the
past behind, lending to more space for
that clarity.
Earth does this every day as Gaia,
kissing the Sun good-night, in all our
regions, every hour on the minute in
this eternal existence where time as we
know it exists-not. We have all of the
time in the world, as she sails through
the ethers, the universe within which
we exist, and think — therefore we are.
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GROUNDCOVER NEWS
HOMELESSNESS
MARCH 6, 2026
St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church rolls out the
red carpet for the men's rotating shelter
JOE WOODS
Groundcover vendor No. 103
Dear members of St. Nicholas Greek
Orthodox Church,
I am writing to express my sincere
gratitude and to commend you for the
incredible hospitality you provided
during your recent time serving as a site
for the men's rotating shelter. While
Michigan winters are notoriously brutal
— especially for those in our community
without a permanent home — the
warmth and care I witnessed at your
church were truly exceptional.
Having spent time at other local organizations
like St. Francis and Bethlehem
United Church of Christ, I have
seen many groups do great work. However,
my first interaction with St. Nick
Greek Orthodox Church left a lasting
impression. I typically feel uncomfortable
in new environments, but your
members made me feel completely at
ease. I was amazed to see everyone
treated with the level of service you
would expect from a five-star hotel.
From the homemade spaghetti and
Mexican-style burritos to the "Greek
Thursday" gyros and custom-made
omelets, the effort put into every meal
was extraordinary.
And I forgot to mention that they had
a foosball table! People were playing
chess, board games, and the U-M street
medicine team came.
I initially became involved through
my friend and church member, Ben
Curtis, and I am so glad I had the opportunity
to witness your mission firsthand.
It is clear that your service comes
from a place of genuine love and a
desire to help. I wanted to personally
thank Father Nick and the members of
the church.
I want to give the congregation "10
stars" for a spectacular first-time
impression. Thank you for your kindness,
your generosity and for the dignity
you showed to everyone who walked
through your doors.
Sincerely, Joe Woods
Top left: Volunteers serving a homemade dinner. Top right: The
Church provided abundant hygeine supplies and winter gear for
guests to take. Bottom: Church volunteers. Fr. Nick pictured
center.
Building a better understanding of trauma, mental
health for men
from everyone to try to sort
myself out, so I went to London
to stay with some friends. StayANDREW
Changing
the Narrative Series
In late summer 2016, I was on my
way home from work when I got a
phone call from my sister. I could sense
that there was something wrong from
the tone in her voice — she was about
to tell me that my mum had cancer.
The news was terrible, but I already
had a gut feeling that everything was
going to change for me and our family.
It was a bad, bad time — my sister
Kirsty also found out that she had
cancer, and three of my best friends
passed away during that period.
I ended up splitting up with my
then-partner and moved back to Cardiff,
where I’m from originally.
I
thought everything was going okay for
me, but eventually I began to realize
that things were far from fine as my
drinking got increasingly out of hand.
I was drinking heavily to hide the pain
I was in. After a year of uncertainty and
turmoil, I decided that I needed to
leave Cardiff. I wanted to have a break
ing with them long term wasn’t possible,
so I found a homeless charity and
we talked over my options. After
talking to me about why I ended up
homeless, they put in contact with a
homeless charity called Emmaus in
Gloucestershire.
Emmaus asked me to come and visit,
which I willingly did. While there, I was
offered and accepted a place with
them in their supported accommodation.
It was time of change. While all of
this was going on, I found out that my
brother and sister had reported me as
missing. I’d come off social media and
didn’t realise they were so worried.
I was also suffering with my mental
health at the time, problems that I
knew were getting worse, but I just
could not admit that I needed to get
help. Once again, I felt that if I moved
on, it might help.
So, in 2019, I decided to ask Emmaus
if they had any places in Scotland, and
they did, so I moved north. While I was
at Glasgow Emmaus, I started to
receive cognitive behavioural therapy
to get some support for my mental
health, and that helped a lot.
Things were more positive at that
time, and that helped me make the
decision, just before my 50th birthday,
to reconnect with my family after being
away from them for so long. I even
decided to move back to Emmaus
Wales to be near my family, and to try
to settle down and have a normal life.
But truthfully, at the back of my mind,
I knew I still wasn't right. I still found it
hard to try to deal with my pain, partly
because no-one knew how I was really
feeling. And no-one knew because I
found it hard to talk about my feelings;
even talking to my family was
difficult.
Fast forward to 2024, and once again
I was finding it very hard to cope with
everything because of how I was feeling.
Living in a shared house was not
helping, Sso once again I packed a bag
and headed back to London. I wasn’t
sure what I was doing or why I was
doing it because my head was so mixed
up. I was trying to deal with a lot of
emotions from past traumas that I had
never really talked to anyone about. I
found it very hard to talk about how
some experiences had affected me
over the years, and how they had
affected my family. I had never really
talked about what I had been through.
But at last, I’m beginning to talk. I’m
back in Glasgow, and I’ve been able to
get more counselling, which is helping
me understand and process what I
have been through. For the first time,
I’ve been able to talk about being
abused as a child. I’ve begun to understand
that the trauma caused by that
abuse is what has affected my mental
health so badly over the years. I realize
now that I’ve been wearing a mask for
so many years; a mask that I put on to
present myself as a happy-go-lucky
guy just going through life, when the
reality was that I was falling apart.
The counselling I’m having now is
giving me a better understanding of
how I’ve managed to survive everything
I’ve been through. My hope for
the future is to try to help others by
sharing my own experiences — maybe
that might encourage a better understanding
of what mental health means
to other men.
Courtesy of INSP.ngo
׉	 7cassandra://kK83ehTBQmeIhNyTH1JMYi9Dp7BrTHW12yliCf1-xToV.` iĒ*}׉EMARCH 6, 2026
LABOR
Unions have a long, proud and often
contentious history in Michigan, from
the Flint sit-down strikes that launched
the United Auto Workers in the 1930s
to the current struggle by Starbucks
workers in Washtenaw County to get
better wages.
Union membership in America has
declined steadily since the 1970s. The
share of all U.S. workers who belong to
a union or are covered by a union contract
has fallen over the past 50-55
years. In 2025, just 11.2% of all workers
in the country were covered by a union
contract, according to federal data. In
the private sector, just 6.8% of workers
were covered by a union agreement.
This compares to 23-29% covered in
1970.
Unions remain strong in some
important areas of the Michigan economy.
Recently, the UAW successfully
fought to protect the job of Ford Dearborn
assembly plant worker TJ Sabula
who was suspended after heckling
President Donald Trump as he toured
the factory.
But many workers face business
monopolies that keep workers without
competitive pay and little or no healthcare
insurance. For example, executives
for Starbucks refuse to honor
Starbucks employees' decision to form
a labor union. Nurses and teachers
from all over America are striking,
striving to receive the compensation
and decency they deserve in today’s
workforce.
Since 1979, Labor Notes, a media
and organizing project, has been the
voice of union activists who want to
reinvigorate the labor movement.
Through their magazine, website,
books, conferences and workshops,
they promote organizing, aggressive
strategies to take on employers,
labor-community solidarity and
unions
that
are
run
by
their
members.
Labor Notes covers a wide range of
MIKE JONES
Groundcover vendor No. 113
labor union and social justice issues.
Labor Notes has often focused over the
years on the United Auto Workers,
which once set the pace for wages and
healthcare across many industries.
The UAW succeeded in February in
winning 20% wage increases for Volkswagen
workers in Tennessee and
negotiated historic improvements (a
30% wage increase with over $42 per
hour at the top end, reinstatement of
cost of living increases, and elimination
of the wage tier system) for workers
at the Detroit automakers in 2023.
But the UAW has also been rocked in
recent years by corruption scandals.
The 2026 Labor Notes Conference is
scheduled for June 12–14, in the Chicago
area, at the Hyatt Regency O'Hare
in Rosemont, Illinois. This major gathering
of union activists, reformers and
workers will feature over 200 workshops
and meetings focused on bargaining,
organizing and strengthening
the labor movement. The Labor Heritage
Foundation's Great Labor Arts
Exchange, an annual arts festival that
celebrates the history of the labor
movement, will be part of the conference
events. Registration is now open.
Jane Slaughter, the long-time editor
of Labor Notes, now retired, spoke
with Groundcover News about the
state of labor unions and the challenges
workers face.
GCN: Is Labor Notes trying to get
more readers outside of the labor
movement?
Slaughter: We have been mainly
directed at those in the movement, but
there are a lot of people that read it that
are not involved with unions that support
the publication.
GCN: What’s the relationship
between Labor Notes and big unions,
especially the UAW?
Slaughter: That has varied over the
Published by Labor Notes (2016)
years. When Labor Notes got started in
1979, UAW thought we were the worst
of the worst because we criticized the
union when they didn’t do the right
thing. Since then some unions have
changed leadership from time to time,
so we were able to have good relationships
with some union leaders like
UAW President Shawn Fain.
GCN: That brings me to my next
What is a labor union?
A labor union is a group of
employees who organize
together to collectively bargain
with their employer for
better wages, benefits, and
working conditions, acting as a
unified voice to gain more
power than individuals have
alone. Through democratic
processes, members elect
leaders to negotiate contracts
(collective bargaining agreement)
covering pay, hours,
safety and job security, ensuring
fairer treatment and
greater job security.
question: Do you feel that UAW President
Shawn Fain is more in sync with
the Labor Notes viewpoint than his
immediate predecessors?
Slaughter: Yes, he spoke at the last
conference and was very popular.
Shawn Fain is like night and day from
UAW presidents in the past. Because
those before him who ran the UAW
were corrupt, and worthless when it
came to standing up for the workers.
We at Labor Notes support Shawn Fain
wholeheartedly. We believe he is doing
a good job as a leader, but the UAW
needs a broader base movement, like
locals standing up to management on
the shop floor. It can't always come
from the top. There is a long way to go
to make the UAW what it should and
can be.
GCN: How do you think workers at
Starbucks and Amazon can successfully
unionize?
Slaughter: As you know employees
have been unionizing several years
now, but they still don’t have a contract.
They started bargaining with
Starbuck’s management and management
refuses to budge on a lot of things
that are important to them. Starbucks
has 10,000 stores and only 600 stores
are unionized, so a strike is not going
to have a huge impact. I believe they
are doing the right thing striking and
trying to get public support, and they
are getting public support because it is
such a visible brand, but still have a
long way to go.
Amazon is a whole ‘nother profession,
also extremely hard to unionize
because management, in the form of
owner Jeff Bezos, opposes unionizing.
I feel the Teamsters could be doing
more because organizing Amazon is
absolutely essential for the future of
the labor movement. One of the Teamsters’
biggest employers is UPS, and
Amazon tends to eat UPS’s lunch, and
see LABOR NOTES page 11 
Brief history of labor
unions
The era when workers fought
for their rights spans from the
late 18th century Industrial
Revolution through the Progressive
Era (early 20th century)
and beyond, with major
milestones including early
strikes in the 1700s, the formation
of national unions like the
National Labor Union (1866),
and militant actions in the
1880s-90s (Knights of Labor).
Landmark legislation like the
Fair Labor Standards Act
(1938) established minimum
wage, overtime and child labor
laws. There were ongoing
fights for rights in the mid-tolate
20th century, with struggle
in the Civil Rights Era (1960s),
as seen in the 1968 Memphis
Sanitation Strike.
The first U.S. trade union, The
Federal Society of Journeyman
Cordwainers (shoemakers)
was formed in Philadelphia
in 1794, marking the start of
sustained union organization,
though efforts like the 1768 tailors'
strike showed earlier
worker action. In 1818 the General
Union of Trades (Philanthropic
Society) formed in
Manchester (UK), an early
attempt to unite different
trades. In 1869 the Knights of
Labor were founded, becoming
the first significant national
labor organization in
the
United States, recruiting
diverse workers.
GROUNDCOVER NEWS
Labor unions and Labor Notes Conference 2026
7
iĒ*}끁iĒ*}뀁
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GROUNDCOVER NEWS
LAND USE
I spoke at the podium, but
was anyone listening?
MARCH 6, 2026
The plan behind the
plan
AYAT SOHOUBAH
U-M student contributor
At its February 2 meeting, the
Ann Arbor City Council approved
the first reading of a 30-year
renewal and expansion of the Ann
Arbor Downtown Development
Authority (DDA).
The vote extends the DDA’s tax
ELIZABETH "LIT" KURTZ
Groundcover vendor No. 159
While the inhumane realities of
people living — and literally dying —
on the streets of a college town known
for its progressive ideals have become
disturbingly normalized, it is difficult
to accept the possibility that local government
may be normalizing them as
well.
Having lived this reality for over a
decade, I occupy a rare vantage point
from which to speak about the destabilizing
experiences of those surviving
outside of traditional housing. I was
genuinely elated to have the opportunity
to present a solution I believed
aligned with the City’s stated goals of
equitability and sustainability.
Survival is my full-time job. That
reality afforded me only brief moments
and cursory glances at the details of
the Planning Commission meeting
where the Comprehensive Land Use
Plan (CLUP) would be finalized. I
arrived late, unsure whether I would
be permitted to speak without having
signed up in advance. As I listened to
the final round of public commentary,
I weighed each remark as it touched
on affordability, equitability, sustainability,
and dynamic growth.
Shortly before public commentary
closed, Chair Wyche asked whether
anyone else wished to speak. Though
I remained uncertain about certain
procedural technicalities, I felt steady
as I approached the podium, with the
knowledge I was speaking from lived
experience.
A daytime stabilization center would
not only advance the City’s stated
goals, but also provide immediate
structure and support for residents
experiencing housing instability while
creating realistic pathways toward
employment and long-term housing.
Without stability, employment —
often the first step toward affordability
— remains out of reach.
I used my time at the podium to
address the unique needs facing this
community. My remarks moved
beyond the familiar affordability
debate and centered on the foundational
need for daytime stability for
those locked out of mainstream housing
markets.
Yet in the media coverage that followed,
there was no mention of my
commentary. Even The Michigan
Daily, a student-led publication, did
not reference or pivot toward the
housing instability perspective offered
by someone directly experiencing it.
The omission is notable. Student journalism
often presents itself as attentive
to emerging and underrepresented
viewpoints, yet this firsthand account
of housing instability did not enter the
public narrative.
If I am being honest, that silence left
a lingering sense that I did not fully
belong in that space. Prior to my
remarks, Chair Wyche offered an
explanation of the meeting’s purpose
that reflected a subtle institutional
paternalism — a dynamic in which
individuals experiencing homelessness
are perceived as needing instruction
and guidance rather than being
equal participants.
In a city where homelessness
remains an ever-present crisis in our
midst, it was mentioned only three
times across the entirety of public
commentary spanning all three meetings
on the Comprehensive Land Use
Plan. That scarcity — compounded by
the absence of media
acknowledgment — suggests not
see PODIUM next page 
capture authority through 2055,
expands its district northward, and
removes a 3.5% annual cap on how
much its revenue can grow.
While much of the public debate
in Ann Arbor centers on the Comprehensive
Land Use Plan (CLUP),
this decision focuses on a less visible
issue: who controls the tax revenue
generated by that growth.
The CLUP sets the city’s longterm
vision. It shapes where housing
can be built, how dense
downtowns become, and which
transit and infrastructure investments
are prioritized. When development
increases property values,
property tax revenue increases as
well.
That increase is captured by the
DDA through Tax Increment
Financing (TIF). TIF does not raise
taxes. Instead, it captures the
growth in tax revenue within a
defined district and reinvests it in
that same district. According to the
DDA, TIF funds capital improvements,
such as streets, sidewalks,
utilities and parks, as well as support
for affordable housing.
In 2025, the DDA collected $5.2
million that would have otherwise
gone directly to the city. Washtenaw
County lost over $2.2 million
to DDA capture that same year.
Those funds could have supported
county services, including mental
health, public safety and social
services.
Under the current structure, DDA
revenue growth is capped at 3.5%
annually. The proposed renewal
would remove that cap and replace
it with a “gainshare” model, allowing
the DDA to capture 70% of tax
growth while returning 30% to
other taxing entities. The plan
would extend this structure for
another 30 years.
Public comments at the meeting
reflected sharp divisions.
Supporters highlighted infrastructure
improvements, transit
investments, and most notably,
housing support. The Ann Arbor
Housing Commission said the
expansion would enable improvements
to housing properties.
Critics questioned oversight and
long-term financial
trade-offs,
arguing that diverting funds from
the county creates a “zero-sum
game.” Despite these concerns, the
council approved the renewal and
expansion unanimously at first
reading.
The timing wasn’t coincidental.
The DDA renewal occurred alongside
votes to rezone parcels at Fifth
and Madison for a 14-story development
and to approve a $370 million
Brownfield TIF plan for Arbor
South, another mechanism to redirect
future tax revenue.
Taken together, these decisions
show how Ann Arbor’s growth
strategy is structured. The Comprehensive
Plan shapes where development
happens. TIF determines
how the financial gains from that
development are distributed.
Together, they shape both the physical
and
financial
future
downtown.
The
DDA renewal will return to
council for second reading in April,
after a 60-day window in which
other taxing jurisdictions may opt
out. As the city continues revising
its Comprehensive Plan, public
participation matters. The Planning
Commission held a second public
hearing on the Comprehensive
Land Use Plan on February 18. The
public hearing lasted for over four
hours, with 56 residents expressing
their thoughts both in person and
online. In a unanimous decision,
the planning commission voted to
adopt the Comprehensive Land
Use Plan.
The Ann Arbor City Council will
hold another public hearing and
vote on the TIF plan March 2. Then,
on Monday, April 20, the City Council
will hold the second reading and
final vote on the ordinance renewing
and expanding the DDA’s
Development and TIF Plan. Both
meetings include opportunities for
public comment, so let your voice
be heard.
Editor's note: The American Association
of University Women are
hosting an event on Wednesday,
March 18, 12:30 p.m. at the Ann
Arbor City Club (1830 Washtenaw
Ave.) on Ann Arbor's Comprehensive
Land Use Plan. The Ann Arbor
Economic Development Corporation
and Equitable Ann Arbor Land
Trust board member Brian R.
Chambers will be discussing the current
land use plan and challenges of
achieving housing affordability,
sustainability and equity.
of
׉	 7cassandra://bCFFeRLF28oJfHVcFjP2qFy5NdRSNzCsskxPuEeiseYQ` iĒ*}׉E MARCH 6, 2026
SPORTS
KEVIN KINCHEN
Groundcover vendor No. 691
For those of us who know Michigan
as the "Water-Winter Wonderland," it
is only befitting that the Great Lakes
State be granted at least a small stake,
a minute share, a morsel, of Winter
Olympic glory in the aftermath of the
recent 2026 Milan Cortina Winter
Olympic Games.
Men's Hockey
Did you know that all four overtime
skaters for the United States men’s
hockey team, in their dramatic victory
against Canada, are native Michiganders?
Technically.
Dylan Larkin, Zach Werenski and
Connor Hellebuyck were born and
bred here in Michigan (Waterford,
Gross Pointe and Commerce, respectively).
Golden goal scoring hero Jack
Hughes was born in Orlando, Florida.
However, he moved to Michigan at the
age of 14 to play for the U.S. National
Team Development Program based in
Plymouth. It was this move that
allowed him to join forces with Werenski,
Larkin, and Hellebuyck as part
of the Belle Tire Hockey Club in
Detroit. Unbeknownst to them, they
began weaving the tapestry of a destined
return to glory for United States
hockey that even Nostradamus didn’t
see coming.
It just so happens that the day on
which the men’s hockey team won
gold for the first time in 46 years, was
the 46-year anniversary — to the date
(February 22, 1980) — of the "Miracle
on Ice" in Lake Placid, New York. This
is the famed game in which a group of
amateur ranked college kids — with
dim prospects of making it into the
NHL — beat the indomitable Soviet
Union team, four goals to three. In the
stands and in the broadcast booth,
spectators were left to shout, “Do you
believe in miracles!!!?”
Just two weeks prior the Soviets had
literally crushed United States in an
exhibition inside Madison Square
Garden by a score that read: USSR 10
USA 3.
The event was so inspiring towards
national striving and patriotism for the
next generation of skaters that it eventually
made its way to the silver screen
as "Miracle" (2004).
Figure Skating
Ann Arbor-born Ice Dance figure
skater Evan Bates, alongside his lovely
wife Madison Chock, ensured just that
with a series of riveting performances
in the Individual Ice Dance event.
Evan graduated from Huron High
School and holds a degree from the
University of Michigan in Organizational
Studies. Madison is a talented
and beautiful Hawaiian, Chinese,
German, Irish, French and Dutch heritaged
California native.
Their showings in both the rhythm
dance and free dance were nothing
short of poetry on ice. A balletic opera
performed with speed, precision, agility
and synchrony that supercedes
even the actors in a play by William
Shakespeare. Dancing to “Paint
it
Black,” they were majestic; they could
slide, glide and soar. They waltzed,
tangoed and paso dobled across the
Flagbearers Hilary Knight and Evan Bates of the United States in the
parade of athletes during the closing ceremony. Milano Cortina 2026
Olympics. Verona Olympic Arena, Verona, Italy. REUTERS/Guglielmo
Mangiapane
ice with Chock the miniature matador
and Bates the towering bull.
Skating second-to-last in the final
event, they temporarily seized the best
score of the skate (134.67) before the
final skaters, France’s Guillaume Cizeron
and Lauren Fournier Beaudry,
posted a 135.64 to bring their score for
the dances combined to 225.82, edging
our flag-bearing protagonists by 1.43
total points for the Gold. The scoring
came with much controversy as the
judge from France is considered to
have given an inordinately high score
to their home team. Some have gone
as far as to say Chock and Bates were
hands-down the best team, and that
they were cheated out of Gold.
After skating together for 15 years
and four Olympics this is their first
 PODIUM from last page
merely oversight, but a troubling
normalization of a crisis that has
lingered far too long and continues
with no visible slowing in sight.
From a Comprehensive Land Use
Plan standpoint, the City’s promise
of inclusion began to feel more
symbolic than substantive. The
plan speaks of broad participation,
yet the lack of recognition for voices
grounded in firsthand reality —
particularly those navigating housing
instability — raises important
questions about how equitability is
actually practiced.
It did not feel like a simple overMadison
Chock and Evan Bates of the United States perform during
the Exhibition Gala. Milano Cortina 2026 Olympics, Figure Skating.
Milano Ice Skating Arena, Milan, Italy. REUTERS/Claudia Greco
sight, but rather a continuation of
longstanding planning habits that
have historically kept unhoused
residents outside of infrastructure
conversations. I found myself
individual medal. They have Olympic
team medal (including one on Feb. 8
of these games), as well as medals in
World Championships, Grand Prix
Final, World Team Trophy and World
Junior Championship.
Full disclosure, I had no idea that I
could gain so much enjoyment out of
watching figure skating. Now, Chock
and Bates are the envy of the world. As
it turns out, Milano Ice Skating Arena
in Italy was a place in the world where
true love was alive, moving, grooving,
and oh so soothing. At least, that’s the
picture the most decorated United
States dance ice skate team in history
painted on the world stage, with their
Olympic experience culminating in a
Silver medal on February 11, 2026.
GROUNDCOVER NEWS
Mich. athletes represent in 2026 Winter Olympics
9
wondering whether my perspective
was overlooked because it came
directly from lived experience
rather than from an organization or
credentialed representative considered
more formally recognized
within the planning process.
When planning processes lean
more heavily toward institutional
authority than real-world insight,
the goals of sustainability, dynamic
community growth, and equity risk
becoming aspirational language
rather than measurable practice.
Still, whether or not my remarks
were acknowledged by the media,
the public record reflects that I was
present and that I spoke. That fact
alone affirms a larger truth:
unhoused residents are not peripheral
to the city’s future. We are part
of its infrastructure, and we deserve
a place in shaping its design.
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GROUNDCOVER NEWS
LEGACY
MARCH 6, 2026
Rev. Jesse Jackson, iconic civil rights activist, founder
of the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, has passed on
On Tuesday, Feb. 17, 2026, the nation
woke up to hear that Reverend Jesse
Jackson had died during the early
morning hours. He was born on October
8, 1941, in the town of Greenville,
South Carolina. He was 84 years old
when he passed on.
His name at birth was Jesse Louis
Burns. Jackson’s mother was an
18-year-old high school student and
his father was a 33-year-old neighbor
who was married at the time. The
father’s name was Noah Louis Robinson.
Historians say that a year later
after his birth, Jesse’s mom got married
to a man named Charles Henry Jackson.
He was a post office maintenance
worker with a stable job and income.
He later adopted Jesse who took his
surname and became known as Jesse
Jackson. Historians and some biographers
said that Reverend Jackson
maintained close relationships with
his real dad and his stepdad. He did
refer to them as his fathers.
Jackson attended racially segregated
schools in South Carolina and his
family and community lived under the
Jim Crow segregation system. He
attended the all-black segregated high
school in Greenville called Sterling
High School. He excelled in academics
and sports. He stood out as a good
baseball player, basketball player and
football player. In 1960, he was
recruited to attend The University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign on a
football scholarship. He stayed for two
semesters and later transferred to the
predominantly Black North Carolina
A&T University at Greenboro. After his
graduation, he travelled to Chicago
Theological Seminary to get his Master’s
degree.
In 1965, Rev. Jackson left the Seminary
to join Rev./Dr. Martin Luther King
and his Southern Christian Leadership
Conference members to make the long
march from Selma to Montgomery. Dr.
King saw his potential for community
organizing and mobilization, and
wanted Rev. Jackson to run “Operation
Breadbasket" in Chicago the following
year (1966), which he did.
Jackson was a highly energetic civil
rights activist. Because of his youthful
outlook and shared cultural perspectives,
Dr. King and SCLC relied on Jackson
to inspire and motivate younger
Americans to join the non-violent civil
rights movement. In large crowds at a
music event or a large Baptist Church
congregation, Jackson could be heard
shouting in an octane voice, “I am, I
am, Somebody!!!” In many events, he
might play the role of a preacherman
and say, “It gets tough sometimes, it
WILL SHAKESPEARE
Groundcover vendor No. 258
gets dark sometimes, but hold on, hold
out, until the morning comes. There
will always be joy in the morning!!!” He
was able to give an eloquent speech
befitting a theatrical performance.
Jackson joined Dr. King during his
mass protest on behalf of Memphis
sanitation workers who faced unfair
labor practices such as wage exploitation
and poor working conditions. On
the afternoon of April 4, 1968, Dr. King
was shot at the balcony of the Lorraine
Motel. Rev. Jackson said he was at the
first floor parking lot when Dr. King
was shot. After King’s assasination,
there was a leadership vacuum within
the Black American population. There
were several contests between Jackson
and Dr. King’s successors at the SCLC.
The majority of young Black people
such as Rev. Al Sharpton of Brooklyn,
New York, wanted Rev. Jackson to be
the consensus leader of the Black community
during the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s
and beyond.
The political ambitions and
diplomacy of Rev. Jesse
Jackson
Dr. King had confided to a few of his
civil rights lieutenants that he admired
Rev. Jesse Jackson’s courage, youth
leadership, sense of community and
fearlessness. However, he was a little
concerned about Jackson’s ambition.
Eventually, King trusted Jackson
enough to explain away any concerns.
King was a voracious reader and a
reflective practitioner. It is likely he
was familiar with author Joseph Conrad’s
quote from his book “A Personal
Record” which was published in 1912.
Conrad said, “All ambitions are lawful,
except those that trample upon the
miseries and credulities of mankind.”
Jackson made an ambitious decision
to run for the presidency of the United
States in 1984. His presidential campaign
was nation-wide, unlike the
presidential campaign of former congresswoman
Shirley Chisolm of New
York City. Jackson’s 1984 presidential
bid was not successful. However, he
Jesse Jackson pictured left of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. at the Memphis
Lorraine Motel on the day of King's assassination.
was known as a trailblazer. He ran
again in 1988 to become the presidential
nominee of the Democratic Party.
He came close to winning the nomination,
but eventually he lost to former
Massachusetts Governor, Michael
Dukakis.
Historians and many members of
the legacy mass media considered
Jackson’s presidential bid a historic
national experience. That was the first
time a Black person was taken seriously
as a presidential candidate. Jackson
applied his political strategy of the
Rainbow/PUSH Coalition — basically,
that various people of color should
work for change together — in every
state in the Union. He won eight states,
including Michigan. He was able to
change the Democratic presidential
rules on awarding delegates during the
primary and caucus elections. In the
past, the rule was that whoever comes
in on top, takes all the delegates. Jackson’s
petition had the rules changed to
proportional awards of delegates
based on percentages. Many political
analysts have said that change of democratic
rules made it possible for
Barack Obama’s bid for democratic
presidential nomination in 2007 and
2008 and, eventually, the Presidency.
During the January 2009 presidential
inauguration for Obama, Jackson said,
“The hands that used to pick cotton,
are now picking the president of the
United States.”
In the world of diplomacy, Jackson
traveled to various corners of the
-
globe, trying to help resolve global
conflicts. He was a “Special Envoy” for
President Bill Clinton. He secured the
release of Americans who were held
hostage in Bosnia, Syria and other
regions of the world. He was right there
in South Africa the day that Nelson
Mandela was released from prison
after spending 27 years in Robben
Island detention center.
Jackson was instrumental in the
choice of names that Black Americans
called themselves in the 1980s and
beyond.
American leaders such as Dr. King
would refer
to Black people as
“Negroes.” Younger generations such
as Jesse Jackson and Singer/Performer
James Brown preferred “Black Americans.”
Jackson would address a large
crowd with the slogan, “I am, I am,
somebody; I am, I am, somebody.”
James Brown could be heard in concert
venues, yelling, “Say it loud, I’m
Black and I’m proud; Say it loud, I’m
Black and I’m proud.”
Jackson talked to several Black historians,
including former University of
Michigan historian and political scientist
Dr. Ali Mazrui, about using a name
change to link Black Americans to
their ancestral home in Africa. Dr.
Mazrui had finished the “Lord Reith
Lectures” at BBC/Oxford University
and wrote the book titled, “The Africans:
A Triple Heritage.” In the book,
Mazrui argued that Irish Americans,
Italian Americans, Greek Americans
and other ethnic communities take
pride in their ancestral origins. Unfortunately,
the mass media portray a
more negative image of Africa as backward,
poor and desolate. In fact the
mass media would say, “Forget that
you are Africans, remember that you
are Blacks.” Jackson and some Black
intellectuals worked with the Organization
of African Unity (OAU) to promote
the more enduring and historic
name, “African-Americans.”
One member of OAU provided a 747
jumbo jet to Jackson and his crew to
travel to various countries in Africa to
announce the name change and the
solidarity with the African people. On
his way back to the United States. he
stopped by London where he received
joyous appreciation for his diplomatic
leadership.
see JACKSON next page 
In the 1960s some Black
׉	 7cassandra://_0lUyZ0E0TBltwNjeR5MHmh2Qwf63BxYh_ssTqk6H_wP` iĒ*}׉EMARCH 6, 2026
LEGACY
 LABOR NOTES from page 7
I know the Teamsters don’t want UPS
to go out of business. I believe the
Teamsters need to step up their game,
and pull more resources when it comes
to organizing at Amazon.
GCN: What would be the best strategy
for union leaders to convince
workers who oppose unions to
unionize?
Slaughter: The power of a good
example is the best way. If you can
show by joining a union you are going
to gain a 20% pay increase like the
workers at the Volkswagen plant in
Tennessee and show other benefits
non-union workers don’t receive, I
 JACKSON from last page
The Michigan connection
Governor Whitmer of Michigan
ordered that the American flag at the
State Capitol in Lansing be flown on
half mast as an honor to Jesse Jackson’s
passing. Jackson had visited
Michigan so many times. He launched
his 1988 presidential bid at Flint, Michigan.
He won the Michigan Presidential
caucus which was deemed a
historic upset. He brought to the
national attention the plight of poor
people in Flint and surrounding areas
who were suffering under the weight
of unsafe and polluted water. He also
magnified the knowledge of people
around the nation about deindustrialization
and what happened to assembly
workers when their jobs
disappeared. During his presidential
campaign, he visited many Michigan
counties,
including Washtenaw,
Wayne, Oakland, Monroe and Livingston.
He gave presentations at the University
of Michigan, Eastern Michigan
University and local churches.
At U-M, Jackson’s presence was felt
tremendously. He had helped with
labor disputes on the U-M campus. He
also helped with negotiations between
U-M administrators and student activists.
His most notable presence in Ann
Arbor was in 1987 when the Black
Action Movement III (BAM) did a
sit-in at President Shapiro' s Fleming
Administration Building. There were
incidents of racial tensions, stress and
acrimony inside some dorms. Some
minority students did not feel safe and
welcomed on campus. President Shapiro
invited Jackson to Ann Arbor to
help the campus heal and calm things
down. Jackson met separately with the
students and the administrator, and
later they met together for an honest
negotiation and, of course, conflict
resolution. Jackson’s presence helped
believe it is the best demonstration.
The union should use workers who
have lived experiences as non-union
workers, too, and are now union workers,
and show the benefits of unionizing.
Workers will tend to believe a
worker before they believe a paid
union rep; plead your case 'worker to
worker.'
GCN: I see on the website that Labor
Notes is featuring stories of ICE activities
in Minneapolis. What are your
thoughts on the labor movement and
the current Administration's immigration
crackdown by identifying, detaining
and deporting undocumented
immigrants across the United States?
Slaughter: Divide and conquer
to assuage the distrust between the
“warring” parties and put the campus
on a better trajectory of interpersonal
cooperation, mutual respect and positive
communication. A few years
before the COVID-19 pandemic,
former Ford School Dean and University
Provost Susan Collins invited Rev.
Jackson to Ann Arbor in order to share
his knowledge and life experience with
the School of Public Policy students,
the University community and the
Washtenaw community. More than
three thousand people visited Rackham
Auditorium to hear Jackson’s
speech and participate in Q&A. It was
a joyful occasion!
Tributes and funeral
ceremonies
After Rev Jesse Jackson died on Feb.
17, the Spectrum News of New York
listed the following tributes: “You
don't drown cause the water is deep.
You drown cause you stop kicking. You
can never stop kicking, brother Crump.
You can never stop kicking,’’’ said attorney
Ben Crump, one of many paying
tribute to the civil rights icon.
“Time and again, we knew that hope
still lived because Reverend Jesse Jackson
kept it alive,” Mayor Zohran Mamdani
said.
More came from the country's top
leaders, saying they were saddened by
his death, calling the leader and twotime
presidential candidate
legendary.
In a social media post, Sen. Charles
Schumer said he was a “fearless warrior
for justice.” He went on to call him
“one of the most powerful forces for
positive change in our country and in
our world.”
President Donald Trump also reminisced
by posting photos of the two
from the 80s on his Truth Social
account, and going on to say, “He was
a good man with lots of personality,
grit and street smarts. He was very
Jesse Jackson delivering a speech at the 1988 Democratic National
Convention in Atlanta, Georgia.
— they are trying to convince workers
who are not immigrants that they have
nothing in common with immigrants,
but the reality is that all workers, immigrants
and non- immigrants, face
some of the same challenges in today’s
work force.
GCN: Do you feel that President
Trump is pro-union?
Slaughter: No, he doesn't have a
union bone in his body.
GCN: What should we expect at the
Labor Notes Conference 2026?
Slaughter: It will be very large. We
are expecting around 5,000 people to
attend this year. High profile issues will
be represented in the labor movement
topics like Starbucks and organizing at
gregarious.”
Closer to home, New Yorkers paid
tribute.
“Somebody who told us to keep
hope alive and during this difficult
time in history he gave us a blueprint
on where we need to go to really keep
hope alive,” Queens Borough President
Donovan Richards said.
Gov. Kathy Hochul said flags would
be lowered to half-staff in Jackson's
honor. “A nod to a life that's come to an
end — and a legacy that lives on,”
Spectrum News noted.
“Jesse Jackson changed the civil
rights movement. He was a consequential
and transformative figure,”
said noted civil rights leader, Rev. Al
Sharpton.
“He laid the foundation for my own
campaign to he highest office of the
land,” said President Barack Obama
(published by Yahoo News on February
17,2026).
On Feb. 26, the funeral for the late
Reverend Jackson started with the
movement of his coffin from the
funeral home to the headquarters of
Rainbow/PUSH Coalition. His family
GROUNDCOVER NEWS
11
Amazon. The conference will have two
hundred workshops and meetings,
and people and organizations from
Minneapolis will be in attendance.
One thing that always happens at
Labor Notes conferences is a lot of networking,
and I believe it will be even
more so this year. People tend to use
this conference to meet face to face
with people and different organizations
they've been communicating
with, but now have the chance to meet
for the first time.
Read current and past articles at
labornotes.org. Registration for the
annual Labor Notes Conference in Chicago
is closed, but you can join the
waitlist at www.labornotes.org/2026
accompanied the entourage and they
allowed several minutes for a press
conference. Jackson’s children spoke
and answered questions from the
press. One of the memorable answers
came from his daughter, who said,
“The family always let their father and
each other know that they love each
other. We try not to go to sleep angry
with each other and it is very important
to our father that we express love
to one another and to him as often as
possible.”
Jackson’s casket was moved to South
Carolina’s State Capitol on March 2.
The body will lie in repose at the Capitol’s
rotunda for mourners to view
with respect. Later, the body will be
flown to Washington, D.C., to be honored
by the public, civic and political
leaders. After that, Jackson’s body will
be flown to South Side Chicago for a
final resting place.
Throughout his political campaign
and interactions with poor people in
Chicago and across the nation, Jackson
is known for having said, “KEEP
HOPE ALIVE! KEEP HOPE ALIVE!!”
R.I.P. Rev. Jesse Jackson.
iĒ*}뇁iĒ*}놁
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GROUNDCOVER NEWS
PUZZLES
CROSSWORD
International Network of Street Papers
MARCH 6, 2026
ACROSS
1. Very, in music
6. Scoundrels
10. Atlantic fish
14. Navy ___
15. Alliance
16. A non-American's unit of
weight
17. Repeated behavior
18. Follower of the
Pentagram
20. Protozoa
22. Papa's partner
23. "___ the season ..."
24. Branch of the United
States Armed Forces
26. Australian runner
27. "Star Trek" rank: Abbr.
28. "___, humbug!"
29. Schematic drawing
31. Poison plant
33. Aardvark fare
34. What some might call a
place without dissent
39. Oyster's favorite stitch?
40. Come to
41. Progress
45. Anger
46. Finish, with "up"
49. Born, in bios
50. Order including ants,
bees, wasps, and sawflies
53. "To ___ is human ..."
54. Carbon compound
55. Have-not
56. They'll get your boat
going in a jiffy, but don't ask
for gas
59. Manicurist's or carpenter's
concern
60. On the safe side, at sea
61. Exec's note
62. Clear, as a disk
63. "Check this out!"
64. Father of Balder
65. Force units
DOWN
1. "That's ___!" ("Too bad!")
2. Deck figure
3. Light weapons?
4. Accused's need
5. City in the headlines for a
crackdown on journalism
6. "60 Minutes" network
7. "Remember the ___!"
8. Geezer
9. Seafood dish
10. Schuss, e.g.
11. Water tanks
12. Final
13. Animals known for playing
dead
19. Astronaut's insignia
21. Clothes lines
25. Crack, as lips
30. Acquire
31. Aria, e.g.
32. Aviary sound
34. Memorials
35. Solar system models
36. Drops from the sky
37. Canton neighbor
38. Intensified
39. Tree secretion
42. "Beg pardon ..."
43. Go-getter
44. Like salmon, often
46. Highway divider
47. End of a threat
48. Breaks down a sentence
51. Fragrant resin
52. Like some goodbyes
57. Rent
58. Howard of "Happy Days"
PUZZLE SOLUTIONS February 20, 2026 edition
׉	 7cassandra://DbTgxT5eNhr8yC3PR7fJ6kyR6rnKlcq1Ks9Fu5sDcIMW` iĒ*}׉E MARCH 6, 2026
RESOURCES
GROUNDCOVER NEWS
13
Gratitude for outpouring of love, money and
personal assistance sustaining vendors
SUSAN BECKETT
Pubilsher emeritus
It really does take a village. Historically,
Groundcover volunteer staff has
been made up primarily of retirees
with a sprinkle of college students.
With COVID striking, most of the older
volunteers had to isolate while college
students returned to their parents.
Miraculously, a covey of young adults
appeared at our doorstep offering
help.
They have delivered groceries and
money to homebound Groundcover
vendors, set up and managed phone
plans, made masks, provided tech support
for many phones and devices,
helped vendors file for the stimulus
and unemployment and are now helping
us sell papers to our vendors in the
outdoor spaces around our office.
Many of our older supporters and
volunteers donated all or some of their
stimulus checks to help our vendors
stay housed and connected when vendors’
Groundcover income disappeared
in mid-March. Some volunteers
transitioned to helping remotely —
checking in with vendors weekly and
assisting with tax and benefit filing.
Food Gatherers and the Community
Action Network supply us weekly with
appropriate food to distribute to vendors
who are in need. Devoted readers
subscribed to our online publication,
providing us with cash that we passed
on to our vendors weekly. To date,
none of the Groundcover vendors have
contracted COVID-19. Even though we
are again publishing and selling a
physical paper, we are continuing
some of the supports. Many vendors
have underlying health or age conditions
that make it especially risky for
them to be out. And we never know
when the incidence of cases in Washtenaw
County might rise to the point
where we need to suspend print operations
again. (For anyone wondering,
you can subscribe to our online edition
through our website, groundcovernews.org.)
Even
now, we are restricting our
sales to the downtown and campus
areas of Ann Arbor to avoid the areas
where case counts are higher and to
allow for better oversight. All vendors
are required to go through a COVID
orientation that details the safety practices
we expect them to follow while
selling Groundcover. These include
wearing a facemask over the mouth
and nose, maintaining a distance of six
feet from others whenever possible
and frequent hand sanitation. We are
also encouraging cashless sales. So
don’t be surprised if you are offered
the option of paying by credit card,
Cash App or Venmo!
We give heartfelt thanks to all our
donors and our pandemic support
staff of Jessi, Glenn, Hailu, Lucy,
Michael, Elahe (Eli), Andrea, Tyler,
Stephen, Audrey, Matthew, Elizabeth,
tax preparation RESOURCE CORNER
Tax day is April 15! The IRS is
already accepting and processing
tax returns; don't wait until the last
day!
If your total income is less than
$69,000 you likely have one or more
cash benefits waiting and tax prep
services are at no cost to you. Exact
details vary based on the specific
tax credit, your tax filing status and
the number of people in your household.
Some, but not all, tax credits
require that you or your children
have a Social Security Number.
FINDING TAX FORMS
Ann Arbor District Library branches
offer physical copies of various federal
tax forms beginning in late January.
Librarians can print additional
forms for no cost. Call (734) 327-4200
for more information.
Ypsilanti District Library offers tax
forms, while supplies last, at the
Whittaker and Superior branches.
Call the library for more information.
Whittaker branch: (734) 482-4110,
x2411
Superior branch: (734) 482-4110,
x2431
Download necessary tax forms from
the Michigan Department of Treasury
website and check income tax
refund status.
www.michigan.gov/taxes
FILING HELP
The Housing Bureau for Seniors
Offering FREE tax return preparation
for seniors in partnership with
AARP Foundation! Appointments
are offered Wednesdays and Fridays
from February 4 - April 10. Trained
volunteers will be able to provide
you with a full federal and state
return or complete the Michigan
Property Tax Credits you qualify for.
Past returns can be completed from
2022 onwards. Call Housing Bureau
for Seniors to schedule your appointment
at 734-998-9341!
United Way Southeastern
Michigan
Tax preparation services are provided
by IRS-certified non-profit
partners, Accounting Aid Society
and Wayne Metro Community
Action Agency. Participation
requirements include: make less
than $69,000/year, have a Driver's
License or picture ID, have a Social
Security Card or ITIN, live in Washtenaw
County.
Schedule your appointment at unitedwaysem.org/resources/
tax-preparation-assistance/
St.
Francis of Assisi Parish
Offers tax help to individuals with
limited income ($57,000.00 or less)
and simple tax returns. Call the
parish office at (734) 821-2121 to
make an appointment to drop off
your return. Services offered February
through April. Assistance also
available in Spanish.
ONLINE FILING
MyFreeTaxes.com
Free online service provided by
United Way for preparing and filing
your taxes brought to you by United
Way. Must make $67,000 per year or
less to use this service. Get started
today at
MyFreeTaxes.com
Madi, Rainey, Shoshana, Jon, Lisa,
Cheryl and Daniel, to our summer
intern and layout editor, Lindsay, and
to assistant director Michael.
Originally published in the August
2020 edition of Groundcover News.
iĒ*}뎁iĒ*}덁
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GROUNDCOVER NEWS
CREATIVE
Jane
DONNA LOMELINO
Groundcover contributor
I didn’t like Jane at first.
She didn’t seem to care.
She was blunt in a way that
made people uncomfortable —
sharp, sarcastic, openly irritated
by anyone who approached her
with practiced concern or polite
curiosity. She had no interest in
being agreeable, grateful or easy
to help.
The first time I spoke to her,
she didn’t look up. She just said,
loud enough for others to hear,
“Oh great. Another one.”
A few heads turned. Jane didn’t
flinch. She had long ago stopped
performing politeness for people
who wouldn’t be staying.
When I sat down beside her,
she sighed. “What do you want?”
Not: Can I help you?
Not: Who are you?
Just: What do you want?
It wasn’t hostility for sport. It
was assessment.
Jane used sarcasm the way
others use armor. Rudeness kept
people at a distance. Intelligence
kept her in control. She had
learned exactly how to expose
fake compassion and deflate
people who came in believing
they were different.
So she tested me.
Why are you talking to me?
What makes you think you can
help?
Oh please — spare me.
Every sentence was a challenge.
Every pause dared me to
leave.
What I didn’t understand then
was that Jane wasn’t trying to
push me away.
She was trying to find out if I
would stay.
At the time, I still believed
helping meant fixing. I believed
kindness would be enough. I
didn’t yet understand what it
meant to sit with someone whose
life had taught them not to trust
anything that came easily.
One day, after an especially
biting comment about “rookies
who think they’re saviors,” something
in me shifted.
I didn’t snap back.
I didn’t defend myself.
I didn’t walk away.
I stayed.
Quietly.
Steadily.
She looked at me — real eye
contact, for the first time — and
said, “Huh. Interesting.”
It wasn’t praise. But it wasn’t
dismissal either.
From that day on, small pieces
of Jane began to surface through
the cracks of her sarcasm. A story
here. A memory there. A fear she
didn’t name outright. Moments
of clarity tangled with confusion.
Honesty about the voices that
sometimes lied to her.
Jane lived with a level of awareness
that made her suffering
sharper. She knew when her
thoughts weren’t trustworthy.
She knew when reality slipped.
That awareness didn’t empower
her — it haunted her.
And she noticed everything.
One day, she said something
that changed the way I understood
this work.
“You’re not listening like the
others,” she told me. “You’re
actually here. You might be good
at this … if you don’t quit.”
It wasn’t a compliment. It was
a warning.
People had stayed before
— briefly.
Then they left.
Jane didn’t need promises. She
needed consistency.
She taught me that helping
people isn’t about being liked.
It’s about being present. About
returning the next day after being
pushed away the day before.
About letting someone challenge
your patience without taking it
personally.
Jane didn’t soften for me.
She didn’t become easier.
She didn’t change because of
me.
I changed because of her.
She forced me to slow down.
To listen differently. To understand
that the people who push
the hardest are often protecting
the deepest wounds.
Jane didn’t guide me with gentleness
or gratitude. She shaped
me through resistance —
through honesty, through refusal
to be managed or minimized.
She didn’t just influence my
path.
She rerouted it.
And in doing so, she taught me
something I would carry into
every space that followed:
Before you can help, you have
to be willing to stay.
Author’s Note: This essay reflects
on a past professional relationship.
The individual described is
deceased, and identifying details
have been altered to protect privacy
and dignity.
MARCH 6, 2026
Truth or Lies Mystery
Lane: Time Travellers,
LLC (part one)
The children’s names were John Jr.,
Tom Jr., Stella, and Cindy Hitchens. There
was an old property deed, Freedom
papers for Tom and John, a letter of Will
and Testament. It also had two hundred
dollars in old money.
"I heard a rumor about the family
FELICIA WILBERT
Groundcover vendor No. 234
How do I start? Running from the past
to the future is often a daunting task.
Finding out who committed the crime is
even harder. Especially when you have
people who think the color of their skin
will always protect them. Some don’t
realize the only way to have peace is to
correct your wrongs.
Let's get to it — my name is Armond
Councilor, Licensed Private Investigator.
I am 28, one of the youngest PI’s in the
field. I invented a handheld time travel
machine that changes into any and
everything I need.
Enough about me. On a hot summer
day in September, 2034, I was washing
my Thunderbird in my driveway. A senior
lady approached me and asked, "Aren’t
you the one who travels? You know, solving
unsolved murders and mysteries?"
I thought carefully before answering,
"Yes."
"My name is Mrs. AnnaBella Carwell
and I need you to straighten out my
inheritance," she replied.
I was thinking she was to old to inherit
anything.
"I was willed an estate in Alabama 60
years ago. The property was passed down
three generations, I was the third owner.
During my stay at the property there
were several unexplained incidents. I
kept hearing crying and voices; the
voices would say return our property to
our children. I would search the property
seeking answers, I only found these
items."
Anna handed him an old box with two
old faded pictures of twin girls. On the
back it read "Lila and Delia;" they were
about twenty or younger. The next picture
had two Black men and four children
posed with the twins. On the back
of that picture it read "John, Lila, Delia
and Tom."
being hung for their property. That must
mean my family had something to do
with their demise. Please help me make
things right," she said.
Anna handed him the old money
saying, "I don’t know how much it is
worth, but keep it. You may need it."
Armond thought and accepted the
assignment. He took the letters and
made copies, kept the pictures and
placed everything in his briefcase. The
next morning he started on his journey
by placing his hat on backwards.
It landed him in 1872 at the train station
in Birmingham. He walked over to
the town. He immediately went to the
office of deeds and handed them his
Pinkerton Badge.
Armond showed the man behind the
desk the deed and asked him who owned
the land and estate. He then asked if he
could be taken out to the property.
"By the way your name would be
Randel McDowel, right?" said Armond.
Randel was nervous, conceding he
knew the story behind the change of
hands of the property. It was no secret
that the Falconer family hung the twins
who owned the property.
"They say that he went crazy and hung
himself, just last week. The property is
deemed to be inherited by his children.
The will shall be read in two days," said
Randel. "Get us horses now, let's ride out
there!"
Upon their arrival, the house was quiet
and only the staff was still there. Armond
walked up and introduced himself to
everyone. He immediately asked questions
— who, what, when and where. The
butler showed him the spot where they
found Mr. Falconer. It was one tree over
from the hanging tree of the ladies.
During the questioning of everyone,
they all reported Mr. Falconer used to
holler out loud “This is my property, I
won’t leave !” They never saw anyone
with him or knew who he was talking
with.
To be contuined …
Thank you Groundcover News readers and Truth
Or Lies Fans. "The Box," published January 9,
2026, was based on a TRUE story.
׉	 7cassandra://_s5c5tvJdr85GBjTX6Q_RJuVCYRQNJzLC788DRokhuAH` iĒ*}׉ElMARCH 6, 2026
POETRY
Remembering the Girl
Complaints
KIMANI HAMILTON
Groundcover vendor No. 518
MONIQUE CALDWELL
Groundcover contributor
You return to yourself in fragments—
a lesson gathered from every storm,
stitched into the quiet architecture of your name.
The world tried to unmake you,
yet you learned to rise by studying the ruins,
reading the echoes of what once broke you.
You remember the girl who walked through fire
with trembling hands but unshaken will,
who carried questions heavier than truth
and still kept moving.
Now you stand in the light you built,
holding the knowledge carved from trial:
that strength is not the absence of fear,
but the decision to continue anyway;
that identity is reclaimed, not given;
that every scar is a map leading you home.
And home, always, is you.
I choose not
To complain
I choose not to complain
Because it weakens the soul
I choose not to complain
Because I am aware
I choose not to complain because
I know there’s truth to all sides
I simply choose not
To complain but to
Learn
Time
after
time
KIMANI HAMILTON
Time after time
I’m left wondering why
Time after time I’m left
Speechless time after time
I’m left to pick up the
Pieces time after time
I choose to be strong
So time after
Time I listen
So I don’t make the
Same mistakes
Time after time
TERESA BASHAM
Groundcover vendor No. 570
You’re ominous & dangerous,
I’m fallin in,
We light a smoke,
A shred of hope,
Don’t break this lil heart,
This izz a mystery,
Will it be thee death of me,
What can I do,
I’m alwayz takin that risk,
I just can’t resist,
I alwayz bite my lipz,
I feel thee heat,
You’re my only desire,
What can I do,
To be close to you,
I feel the rush in my bones,
When we are alwayz alone,
When you pull me in close,
I’m alwayz losing control,
My hertz alwayz on fire,
I fell so deep,
You pull me into thee dark.
GROUNDCOVER NEWS
15
Into thee dark
iĒ*}됁iĒ*}돁
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GROUNDCOVER NEWS
FOOD
Basic vinaigrette dressing
ELIZABETH BAUMAN
Groundcover contributor
Ingredients:
1⁄2 cup extra-virgin olive oil
3 tablespoons white wine vinegar
1 tablespoon Dijon mustard
Generous 1 tablespoon maple syrup
or honey
2 medium cloves garlic, pressed or
minced
1⁄4 teaspoon fine sea salt, or more to
taste
Freshly ground black pepper
Directions:
In a liquid measuring cup or bowl,
combine all of the ingredients. Stir
well with a small whisk or a fork until
the ingredients are completely mixed
together. Add another pinch or two
of salt if desired. Serve immediately,
or cover and refrigerate for future
use. Homemade vinaigrette keeps
well for 7 to 10 days.
Struggling to eat 'fresh' during the
winter season? During March in
Michigan, the following produce is in
season and would be delicious additions
to most salads, raw or cooked!
• Broccoli
• Cabbage
• Parsnips
• Sprouts and microgreens
• Carrots
• Beets
MARCH 6, 2026
Email to submissions@groundcovernews.com or drop off at the
Groundcover News office. Accepted poetry will be published in the
April 3, 2026 edition. Stay tuned for National Poetry Month open mics
and workshops.
USE THIS COUPON ANYTIME
$5 OFF
NATURAL FOODS MARKET
216 N. FOURTH AVENUE ANN ARBOR, MI
PHONE (734) 994 - 9174 • PEOPLESFOOD.COOP
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One coupon per transaction. Must present coupon at the time of
purchase. Coupon good for in-store only. No other discounts or coop
cards apply. Not valid for gift cards, case purchases, beer or wine.
OFFER
EXPIRES
3/30/2026
׉	 7cassandra://yoX0aoPvdmamib7EXe59JOKSJSXNmYkOCVrJiafhj4E0y` iĒ*}׈EiĒ*}뒁iĒ*}둁
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